indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
serious; not joking; straight
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
art; craft; accomplishment; artistic skill; technique; performance
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
than; from; out of; except; but; more
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become