to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to show up; to appear; to turn up
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
clear; precise; definite; distinct
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
meaning; significance; sense
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
open; public; overt; free; unreserved; uninhibited
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
war; fighting; fierce competition
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
transactions; dealings; business
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
conclusion; decision; judgement; affirmative