after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
wisdom; intelligence; intellect
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to grant; to give; to confer; to teach; to instruct; to impart (knowledge)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
manager; landlord; warden; root (user)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
control; management (e.g. of a business)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
very; extremely; excessively
fluent (in a language); flowing
to talk; to chat; to chatter
to make matters worse; besides; what's more; in addition; on top of that
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come