indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
eighth month of the lunar calendar
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
territory (pre-Taika: under the Yamato court; Heian: under a provincial governor, etc.); (arch.) countryside
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
festival; feast; carnival
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already