indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
stability; steadiness; equilibrium
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
each (person); everyone; individual; respective
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
myself; yourself; I; me; you
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
while; during; while; although; all; both
to remove; to take off; to drop (e.g. from a team); to remove (from a position); to leave (e.g. one's seat); to go away from
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
rest; break; recess; intermission
toilet; restroom; bathroom; lavatory
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
genuine; real; full-scale; full-blown; full-fledged; professional
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed