when one was a very young child; very early in one's life
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
among (other things); especially; particularly; inter alia; above all (else)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
adventure; venture; venture which is unlikely to succeed; risky attempt; danger
every part of the world; all over the world; the four corners of the world
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
to spell; to write; to compose; to bind (e.g. documents); to patch
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
of course; certainly; naturally
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to the last; persistency; thoroughness
to grow up; to become an adult; to become big; to grow in size
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof