indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
terrific; staggering; tremendous; frightful; ghastly; horrific
brat; kid; urchin; preta; hungry ghost
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
somehow or other; for some reason or another; without knowing why
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to be dispersed; to get separated
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to recall; to remember; to recollect
that is to say; so that means
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
extravagant; absurd; unbelievable; enormous; tremendous; extraordinary
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
carelessly; thoughtlessly; inadvertently
error (in the operation of a machine, vehicle, etc.); operation mistake; operational error
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
whereabouts; place where one is; position; location
to leak out (a secret); to be exposed (a lie, improper behaviour, etc.); to be found out; to get away (of fish)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
blunder; bungle; clumsiness
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner