indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; the present time; just now; another; more
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
people; men and women; each person; everybody
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
number one; first; best; most; game; round
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...