indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
summer vacation; summer holiday
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; soon; already; yet; further; more