indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
voice training; vocal exercises
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
honorific/polite/humble prefix
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
to face; to go towards; to head towards
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
pity; sorrow; grief; misery
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thank you for your hard work; good work; see you; goodbye; goodnight
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
how; in what way; how about
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)