indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suffix for familiar person
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence