indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
leader of a delegation (body, party)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade