indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
miko; shrine maiden; young girl or woman (trad. an unmarried virgin) who assists priests at shrines; medium; sorceress; shamaness
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
tunnel; to tunnel (through a potential barrier); letting a grounder go through one's legs
spot; dot; place; location; (airport) apron; spot advertisement; spot advertising
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest