indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
departed spirit; soul of the dead; ghost; apparition
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
reason; logic; sense; truth; right
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to destroy; to demolish; to disturb; to put into disorder; to relax (one's pose); to make oneself at ease; to break (a bill)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
entrance; entry; gate; approach; mouth
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
consent; assent; agreement; understanding; comprehension; grasp
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to remove; to deinstall; to take away; to set apart
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
settlement; solution; resolution
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk