in history; ever; historical
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
knowing; (an) acquaintance
don't you think?; indicates question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
I (alphabet letter); i; I; iodine (symbol)
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
plus; addition; positive number; gain; advantage; anode
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
Euler's identity; Euler's equation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
excess flesh; surplus fat; flab
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
as it is bound to (happen); following the natural course; though possible as it may be
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to fit into (a box, frame, category, etc.); to be contained within; to settle down (into); to be installed (in one's rightful place); to settle into (one's position); to take up (a post)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this world; this life; world of the living
God; god; ace; king; superior person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
strongest (candidate); likeliest (winner); top (suspect)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
item; article; dish; course; finest item
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise