father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence; power
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to encourage; to cheer on; to cheer (someone) up; to raise (one's voice)
hope; wish; aspiration; (bright) prospects; expectation
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
to bring (news, knowledge, etc.); to introduce; to bring about; to cause; to produce (e.g. results)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to take (by force); to take away; to snatch; to absorb (one's attention); to fascinate; to captivate
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
sublime; noble; high-minded
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
cruel; merciless; atrocious; pitiful; tragic; horrible
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to tear up; to tear off; to rip up; to (forcibly) separate (a couple, family, etc.); to force apart; to tear apart
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
at the same time; at once; just as ...; the moment ...; (but) at the same time; as well as
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
lesson; precept; teachings; moral