to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
citizen; citizenry; city inhabitant; townspeople; bourgeoisie; middle class
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
insurrection; rebellion; revolt; riot; uprising
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
simultaneously; all at once; in unison
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
by means of; due to; because of; according to
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
authorization; authorisation; acknowledgment; acknowledgement; certification; recognition
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
Kansai; region consisting of Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and surrounding prefectures; Kansai; south-western half of Japan (during the feudal era)
collapse; crumbling; breaking down; (radioactive) decay; disintegration
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!