indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
bad character; bad person; villain; baddie
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
swindler; fraudster; trickster; con man
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
authorization; authorisation; acknowledgment; acknowledgement; certification; recognition
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
how; in what way; how about
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back