indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
outbreak of war; starting a war
soldier; combatant; warrior
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
now; the present time; just now; another; more
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
around the world; throughout the world
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
aloneness; loneliness; solitude
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise