indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
at (a time or place); in; in (a situation, matter, etc.); on (a point); on the part of; under the authority of
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
(urban) prefecture (i.e. Osaka and Kyoto); centre (e.g. of learning); center; (government) office; fu (administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam)
establishment; opening; setting up; inauguration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
declaration; proclamation; announcement
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
rule; reign; government; governing
now; the present time; just now; another; more
several times; a few times; several degrees; a few degrees
defeat; lost battle; losing a war
shaking; trembling; pitching; disturbance; unrest; agitation
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to capitulate; to surrender; to submit to; to concede
you (people); gentlemen; ladies and gentlemen; my friends
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
subject; national; citizen
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
dignity; majesty; sanctity
to sell off; to dispose of
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
looking out for oneself; putting one's own skin first; prioritizing one's own safety above all else
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
coward; chicken; yellow-belly; sneaky person; underhanded person; dastardly person
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to leave (a matter, decision, etc. to someone); to entrust (to someone); to leave (to chance, one's imagination, etc.); to let (take its own course); to use (money, strength, spare time, etc.) to the full; to use freely
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no; nay; disagreement; objection; disapproval