indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(social) position; status
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
suffix for familiar person
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
manjū (steamed bun) with meat filling
steamed bun with sesame oil and anko filling
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen