indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
suffix for familiar person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
Japanese apricot (Prunus mume); Japanese plum; ume; lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)