hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Treaty of Portsmouth (ending the Russo-Japanese War, 1905)
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
rather; better; instead; if anything
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
(school) athletic festival; sports day; field day
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
anything and everything; just about everything
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
study; diligence; discount; reduction
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
real intention; motive; true opinion; what one really thinks
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
winter vacation; winter holidays
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!