right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
keno (casino game); kino (gum, resin); kino (cinema)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to be erected; to be built
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
clean; hygienic; sanitary; pure; virtuous; immaculate
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
fake; something false; sham; deception
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)