indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
silence; being silent; quiet; reticence; inaction
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
by myself; in person; by oneself
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
time; hour; period; class
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
faint; dim; weak; poor; wretched; meagre
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
delicate; gentle; fleeting
to mark the end; to spell the end
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
selection; choice; option
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to mourn; to lament; to be sorry; to regret; to repent
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing