indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
taking; taker; last performer of the day (usu. the star performer); last performance of the day; active partner (e.g. in judo demonstration); emphatic or formal prefix
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take; to carry (something) away; to bear
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
hey!; excuse me!; wait a moment
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
adds force or indicates command
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
rest; break; recess; intermission
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
transport; freight; shipping
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?