until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how long; how far; how much
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
eastern country; eastern provinces; Kanto provinces
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
our country; our land; one's own country
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
authorities; relevant authorities; authorities concerned; this office
far right (in politics); extreme right; ultraconservative
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki); western nations (esp. India or Europe); thirty-three temples in the Kinki area containing statues of Kannon (Avalokitesvara); pilgrimage to the thirty-three temples sacred to Kannon
war; fighting; fierce competition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to plan; to plot; to attempt (e.g. suicide, murder); to undertake (e.g. business); (arch.) to stand on tip-toes
no matter what it takes; by any means necessary; at all costs; by hook or by crook
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
to determine (esp. a culprit or underlying cause); to pin down; to ascertain; (arch.) to stab to death
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to entrust (e.g. a task) to another; to leave to; to passively leave to someone else's facilities; to leave to take its natural course; to continue (something) in a natural fashion (without particular aim); to rely fully on one's (full strength, great ability, long time taken) to get something done
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
arm; skill; efforts; ability
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)