indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
love; affection; attachment; craving; agape; Ireland
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in one's hands; in one's control
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
three generations; third generation immigrant; sansei; the third (e.g. Henry III)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to congratulate; to celebrate
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to give (as a gift); to present; to confer; to bestow; to award
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the other day; lately; recently
letter; note; epistle; correspondence
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
unthinkable; unexpected; outrageous; offensive
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
treasure; picture of a treasure ship; money; cash
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
Song dynasty (China, 960-1279); Sung dynasty; Liu Song dynasty (China, 420-479); Liu Sung dynasty; Song (ancient Chinese state, 11th century-286 BCE); Sung
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
porcelain; china; chinaware; ceramics; pottery
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you