indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Sunday (esp. as the sabbath in early Japanese Christianity)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
dimension; perspective; point of reference; level (of something)
president (of a nation); big man; boss; buddy
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing