indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hidden treasure; treasured article
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
generation; lifetime; the age; the day; the first (e.g. Elizabeth I); issei
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
bet; wager; stake; gamble
memento (esp. of a deceased person); keepsake; heirloom; remembrance; souvenir
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to take out; to produce; to pick out; to fetch; to retrieve
genuine article; real thing; real deal
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
judgement; judgment; expert opinion; appraisal