indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
yell (of encouragement); cheering (esp. for a school sports team)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen