indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; the present time; just now; another; more
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
pain; anguish; distress; suffering; hardship
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you (plural); all of you; you all
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...