indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
young imperial prince; child of the imperial family; shrine dedicated to a child of the god of the main shrine; newly built shrine (to which a divided tutelary deity has just been transferred)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
skating (esp. ice); skate; skates
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
suffix for familiar person
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already