indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
development; exploitation
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
impossible to understand; impossible to decipher
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to hug someone close; to hold someone tight; to embrace closely
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play; tragedy; calamity; disaster
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
serious; not joking; straight
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
theatre; theater; playhouse
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove