heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
all; entire; whole; altogether
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
darn it!; darn!; oops!; oh dear!; oh no!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
consequence; outcome; result; blame
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to hug someone close; to hold someone tight; to embrace closely
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
serious; not joking; straight
meaning; significance; sense
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...