indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the Big Dipper (asterism); the Plough; the Plow
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to; traditional unit of volume, approx. 18 litres; square bearing block (at the top of a pillar); Chinese "Dipper" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
Shangdi (supreme deity in ancient Chinese religion); God; Shakra (king of heaven in Hindu mythology); Indra
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
bat (in baseball, cricket, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
sanity; consciousness; soberness
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
action; behavior; behaviour; (arch.) recommendation (of a person for a position)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation