indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the Big Dipper (asterism); the Plough; the Plow
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hand game (e.g. rock-paper-scissors)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
leopard (Panthera pardus)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; the present time; just now; another; more
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
Asura; demigod; fighting; carnage; sledge (for conveying large rocks, logs, etc.); log slide
head of family; originator
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being