indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
rhea (bird of family Rheidae); Rhea (Greek goddess)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
orca (Orcinus orca); killer whale; grampus
the Big Dipper (asterism); the Plough; the Plow
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
commander; general; leader
lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk; Latin (language)
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
adds force or indicates command
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
Asura; demigod; fighting; carnage; sledge (for conveying large rocks, logs, etc.); log slide
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)