indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Asura; demigod; fighting; carnage; sledge (for conveying large rocks, logs, etc.); log slide
to; traditional unit of volume, approx. 18 litres; square bearing block (at the top of a pillar); Chinese "Dipper" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk; Latin (language)
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
(in gagaku or noh) middle section of a song
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
the Big Dipper (asterism); the Plough; the Plow
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
sub-; -ous (indicating a low oxidation state); -ite; Asia; Argentina; Arabia; America
France; French (language)