indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
another (person); the other person; one more (person)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Shangdi (supreme deity in ancient Chinese religion); God; Shakra (king of heaven in Hindu mythology); Indra
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am; older girl
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
cavern; cave; cave system; grotto
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
older sister; elder sister
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
to break; to be smashed; to split; to crack; to be divided (opinion, vote, etc.); to split (e.g. of a party); to come to light
again; once more; a second time
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
to turn over (face down); to lay face down; to point downwards (eyes, head, etc.); to cast down (eyes); to lie (one's body) face down; to lie flat (on the ground)
to do something in readiness for; to get something (needful) done
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence