indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the Big Dipper (asterism); the Plough; the Plow
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Shangdi (supreme deity in ancient Chinese religion); God; Shakra (king of heaven in Hindu mythology); Indra
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
high (e.g. spirits); merry; high; high (i.e. feeling of extreme pleasure)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
adds force or indicates command
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed