hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
female high school student
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that much; as much; to that extent; only that; that alone; no more than that
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to scold; to chide; to rebuke; to reprimand
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to welcome (a proposal, advice, etc.); to take kindly to; to do with pleasure
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
case; occasion; situation; circumstances
to impose a punishment (on); to punish
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to be satisfied (with an explanation, apology, etc.); to be happy
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
swing; shake; appearance; behaviour; pretence; pretense; (a customer) coming to restaurant, ryokan, etc. without a reservation or introduction
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
disliking; hating; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
liking; being fond of; liking (romantically); being in love with; faddism; eccentricity
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker