indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
dad; dada; daddy; pa; papa; pappa
servant (esp. a samurai's attendant); chivalrous man (Edo period); cubed tofu (often served cold); kite shaped like an Edo-period footman; Edo-period hairstyle worn by samurai's attendants; enslavement (of a woman; Edo-period punishment for her own or her husband's crime); (arch.) he
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
suffix for familiar person
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)