indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
stands; bleachers; stand (e.g. newspaper stand); counter (e.g. lunch counter); stand (e.g. inkstand); desk lamp
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
should; must; -able; probably; likely
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
ignition; lighting; firing; setting off
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
re-; again; repeated; deutero-; deuto-; deuter-
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?