indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
adds force or indicates command
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
ageing; aging; senile deterioration
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
needle; pin; hook; stinger; thorn; hand (e.g. clock, etc.); pointer
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen