indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
as (X, then Y); with; in accordance with; in proportion to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
vehicle; conveyance; transport; ride (playground, fair, carnival); playground facility
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
town; city; municipal; urban
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
by means of; due to; because of; according to
just like that; in the twinkling of an eye; in the blink of an eye; (lit.) in the time it takes to say "ah!"
destruction; annihilation; devastation; catastrophe
era; CE (Common Era); AD (Anno Domini)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
twenty-fourth day of the month; twenty-four days