indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
mansion; palace; (arch.) nobleman; (arch.) noblewoman; (arch.) cabin (on a boat, carriage, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
small child; pipsqueak; short person; midget; small animal; runt
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
ripple; ring on the water; repercussions; Japanese slit drum; instrument made of iron with slits on top; makes a rippling sound
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
human being; human; person; character (of a person)