indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
suffix for familiar person
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
purity; homogeneity; unadorned
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
in that way; thus; so; so?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration