indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
vitality; energy; dynamism
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
just like that; quite so; I agree; (lit.) that street
now; the present time; just now; another; more
study; diligence; discount; reduction
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
exercise; physical training; appeal; campaign; motion; movement
will; desire; ambition; urge (e.g. creative urge)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to overflow; to brim over; to flood
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
so; like this; in this way
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
such; this sort of; like this
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that