indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
suffix for familiar person
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
establishment; founding; organization; organisation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker